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On Collecting Badges of Mao Zedong¨s Portrait

   As the most well-known man of a generation, Mao Zedong had accomplished remarkable achievements during his lifetime. As the product of this generation, the badges with Mao¨s portrait (simplified as ＾the badges‾ in the following) have long been the most heating objects scrambled by collectors. They have not only become important in the historical study, but also reached kind of artistic summit, evaluated from quantity, assortment, craftsmanship and quantity. I have collected 20,000 or more badges including more than 3,000 different types, and of 16 kinds of materials these badges are made.
   In my opinion, finding a reasonable and scientific way of classification is quite necessary in badge-collection. It surely can help the collector fulfill the job much better, especially when the amount of the badges increases day by day. The way I employ is to classify the badges according to the characters on their backs. At first, sort out the badges on which the characters mean the same thing and put them together. Secondly, put together those on which the characters are at the same part of the badges. Thirdly, put together those on which the characters are of the same form. Then you will find it is easy to distinguish set-badges from thousands of others.
   Badges made during the year 1966 to 1976 are called badges of ＾the Cultural Revolution‾. No other kinds of badges can be compared with this kind in terms of quantity, assortment and quality. During ＾the Cultural Revolution‾, people who were mostly dependent on politics made these badges with the finest craftsmanship chosen from the Centrality to the locality, from military units to factories. People used the best machines and finest raw materials to make the badges; that¨s why they can be called as ＾the super badges in the world‾. The badges of ＾the Cultural Revolution‾ initiated some new forms such as the set-badges. This freshness greatly excited badge-collectors.
   The badges can be divided into three categories according to their functions. The first category is the badges for wearing; it occupies the largest part and constitutes 95 percent of the total. The second category is the badges for hanging, which were only made during ＾the Cultural Revolution‾. At that time, some people thought the bigger the badge is, the more love for Chairman Mao they would show. So the badges they made became too big and heavy to be worn, but can only be hung. Only a few of this kind can be found, they constitute 0.5 percent of the total sum. The third category is the badges for decoration, it has two basic patterns: one refers to the badges that have bases or can stand by themselves; the other refers to those that cannot be laid out without the provision of stands, such as porcelain plates, bricks, etc. Besides the above-mentioned three categories, there is another kind！busts or full-length statues. These large badges only have simple forms and ar!
 e not at all large in amount.
   There are four categories of the badges according to their forms. The first category is single-badges. These badges are independent by themselves; each one has its own style and content. This category constitutes 85 percent of the total sum. The second category is pair-badges. The two badges of a pair always have internal relationship with each other. Generally speaking, they have no time order, and this category constitutes only 3 percent of all the badges. The third category is group-badges, which means a group of badges (no less than 3) expressing the same idea. They were made by the same people and had the same characters. They only constitute 2 percent of all the badges. The fourth category is set-badges. We name it this way because they came out as a set in conception, design, manufacturing and publication. There are numbers on each of a set-badge; the numbers are fairly standard, just like those on stamps. For instance, if there is one set-badge including ten indiv!
 idual badges, the numbers on the
m are 10-1, 10-2 ´ 10-10, respectively. This category of set-badge constitutes 10 percent of all the badges.   I summarize six criteria for judging the set-badges, listed as the following:
1. A set of badges must be about one special idea, such as badges of ＾nine revolutionary sample Beijing operas‾, badges of ＾Mao Zedong¨s poems and verses‾, badges of ＾Mao Zedong visiting some sacred places of revolution‾, and so on.
2. Set-badges must have 5 common grounds. They are the identical publisher, the identical content of the characters on the back, the identical type and at the same place on the back, and also the identical marks on the back. 
3. Set-badges must have the same style of making. For example, some badges all have the sun behind Mao¨s head; some all have protruding secondary pictures at the lower place; or some all have a sentence quoted from Mao¨s poems, and so on.
4. Each badge of the set must be relating to each other by means of supplementing and reciprocal explanation. For example, the set includes 5 badges about ＾Mao Zedong visiting some sacred places of revolution‾, they are arranged in a strict chronological order, the five places are Shao-shan Town, Jing-gang-shan Mountain, Zun-yi City, Yan-an City and Tian An Men Buding.
5. A set must include at least 2 badges. 
   As for some sets, if they match all the above criteria except the second one, that¨s nothing serious. However, a standard set must go with at least three points of the five in the second criterion. In the recent years, I have made a careful arrangement of my collection according to the six items. The collection and arrangement of set-badges have long been emphasized because it means a higher level of badge-collection.
   About the materials for making the badges, I am afraid no one can tell exactly how many kinds there are. In the years when the badges were widely spread, people at least have found ten kinds of materials to make the badges. According to my collection, sixteen kinds of materials are used in badge-making. They are: glass, bakelite, stainless steel, lead, zinc, copper, bamboo, porcelain, enamel, hard plastic, soft plastic, luminous powder, chromium, iron sheet, ploxiglass, aluminum, etc. By collecting the badges made of all kinds of materials, I get to know the measures and scale of their manufacturing at that time, and further to have some knowledge about the craftsmanship in different areas of the nation.
   The collectors themselves shall decide how to arrange these specially titled badges. In my point of view, there are two ways. One is to collect according to the pictures on the frontages; such as Mao¨s waving hands or making inspection or wearing straw-hats or setting off ＾Go to An-yuan Coalmine‾. The other is to collect according to the characters on the back, such as those commemorative medals signed with ＾the Revolutionary Committee‾. And also badges made by the military commands and factories that produced badges and medals. In short, these specially titled badges have recorded the history of that time from different aspects; they not only enrich the content of collection but also provide evidence for historians.
    I have also collected more than 1000 books about Mao Zedong or about Mao's badges or about ＾the Cultural Revolution‾,I finished my manuscript more than 150,000 words for the badge. In 1997 I published the first CD-ROM of China about Mao Zedong's badges by a company in Beijing.
    I'm looking forward to cooperating with you for showing the badge to the world, public saleing the badge, publishing my book or my CD-ROM and so on.

    You can contact with the following adress:


Zhong Xiwu
Longxili, Baidi Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, PRC
Tel[phone]
Email:[e-mail],
      [e-mail] 

谷夾叫嫗辺茄冩梢兜冥

　　谷夾叫恬葎匯旗琉繁凪戟孔琉示弊繁并朕。恬葎匯倖煽雰扮旗議恢麗谷夾叫嫗厮撹葎辺茄社断尸辺茄議斤撹葎繁断冩梢煽雰議嶷勣恃屬谷夾叫嫗音胎凪崙恬議方楚才瞳嶽珊頁崙恬議垢簒邦峠才嵎楚脅器欺阻弊順議師嫗簒宝痙桁万侭淫根議坪否夸嗤泌匯何坪否戟源議煽雰慕。辺鹿嫗頁葎阻辺鹿煽雰隠贋嫗頁葎阻隠贋煽雰冩梢嫗夸頁斤煽雰議冩梢。厘壓"猟晒寄醐凋"豚寂祥啜嗤300謹旦寄弌才瞳嶽光音揖議谷夾叫嫗徽寔屎嗤朕議嗤吭紛仇辺茄垢恬珊頁貫1986定定久蝕兵議欺朕念葎峭厮辺茄10嶽可嵎議谷夾叫嫗2嵐旦。
　　辺茄谷夾叫嫗喇噐繁断辺茄議叔業音揖。朕議音揖凪辺茄議朕炎才圭隈匆祥光音揖。邪泌峪廣嶷方楚議均持哘乎傍宸頁辺茄嫗議兜雫竣粁汽辺峪嬬軟欺寡杭埀議恬喘汽茄峪嬬軟欺隠砿埀議恬喘。勣聞徭失議辺茄垢恬厚互蚊肝窟婢駅倬斤嫗序佩蛍窃、冩梢。和中厘叙祥宸乂定栖辺茄冩梢谷夾叫嫗霧匯乂伉誼悶氏錬李嬬軟欺砺廩哈囁議恬喘慌揖戻互。
　  1966定-1976定崙恬議谷夾叫嫗各葎"猟醐"嫗。緩窃嫗音胎凪方楚、瞳嶽珊頁垢簒嵎楚脅頁凪万竣粁議嫗侭涙隈曳亭議。輝扮貫嶄刹欺仇圭貫何錦欺垢嵩二匍俯謹汽了脅僉夲屓嵶貧恷辛真、室宝邦峠恷互議繁喘恷挫議字匂譜姥才恷貧核議圻可創崙恬谷夾叫嫗侭參崙恬竃栖議嫗唇各弊順岻恷。輝扮畠忽竃阻叱窄繁繁脅套忌谷夾叫嫗議彝鉱秤尚。"猟醐"嫗蝕幹阻耗嫗議枠采公辺茄社奐紗阻匯倖仟議辺茄坪否。
    谷夾叫嫗梓凪孔嬬辛蛍葎眉窃及匯窃葎套忌嫗。万議方楚恷謹埃媼谷夾叫嫗悳方議95%參貧。及屈窃葎航嫗。万頁貫套忌嫗窟婢遇栖議。"猟醐"朔豚繁断葎阻燕幣斤谷麼朗議嶢伉嫗埆恂埆寄埆恂埆嶷參崛音嬬套忌遇峪嬬傅航。万議方楚自富埃媼谷夾叫嫗悳方議 0.5%。航嫗峪嗤"猟醐"扮豚嘉嗤。及眉窃葎屡音嬬套忌嗽音嬬傅航議畏嫗。万頁昧广繁断議音揖俶勣遇竃議。万議児云侘蓑蛍曾嶽匯嶽頁云附嗤久恙賜嗤屶嚇尺辛參畏慧総匯嶽頁勣総塘熔尺屶嚇嘉嬬畏慧泌管徒、管廩、管医吉。珊嗤匯窃辛參各凪葎畏嫗議蛍屶軸畏。畏祥頁磯附議賜畠附議谷夾叫羨悶。緩窃畏侘塀酒汽瞳嶽熟富。
    谷夾叫嫗梓凪侘塀辛蛍葎膨寄窃及匯窃葎鏡羨嫗。軸匯倖汽了祥蝶參蒙協坪否旺梓蝶匯蒙協欠鯉譜柴崙夛議嫗。万議方楚恷謹埃媼谷夾叫嫗悳方議70%恣嘔。及屈窃葎斤嫗。軸揖匯汽了祥蝶匯蒙協坪否參揖匯欠鯉遇譜柴崙夛議嗤坪壓選狼議曾旦嫗匯違短嗤念朔乏會岻蛍。万議方楚音謹埃媼谷夾叫嫗悳方議3恣嘔。及眉窃葎狼双嫗。軸律汎匯倖嶄伉坪否崙恬汽了匯崑猟忖坪否匯崑方楚壓3旦參貧根3旦軸葎狼双嫗。万議方楚熟富埃媼谷夾叫嫗悳方議2恣嘔。及膨窃葎耗嫗。耗嫗議古廷旺掲頁朔繁膿紗噐念繁議遇頁喇噐宸窃嫗貫更房、譜柴欺崙恬、窟佩脅頁參撹耗議中嘆竃議。耗嫗頁嗤園催議遇拝嗤乂園催耗嫗輝屎号喨同議園催匯劔泌噴旦匯耗議耗嫗万議園催蛍艶葎 10-110-2´´10-10宸窃耗嫗凪旦方埃媼谷夾叫嫗悳方議25。輝隼寄何蛍耗嫗頁短嗤園催議侭參園催議音匯協頁耗嫗短嗤園催議音匯協音頁耗嫗購囚勣心万頁倦憲栽耗嫗議号舵。
         厘壓謹定辺鹿耗嫗議狛殻嶄悳潤竃鎗訳財楚耗嫗議炎彈凪醤悶坪否泌和
    及匯訳耗嫗駅倬頁律汎匯倖嶄伉坪否賜匯倖蒙協坪否議泌"眉嶢噐"、"膨琉寄"、"膨涙"。"湘倖醐凋劔医老"、"谷麼朗鮒簡"、"匯埖醐凋"、"谷夾叫壓音揖醐凋淵仇"吉吉。
    及屈訳耗嫗駅倬"励匯崑"軸窟佩汽了匯崑嘘中猟忖坪否匯崑嘘中猟忖忖悶匯崑嘘中猟忖侭侃何了匯崑嘘中炎芝匯崑。
    及眉訳耗嫗駅倬崙恬欠鯉匯崑。侭僚崙恬欠鯉匯崑峺議頁譜柴繁埀議返隈才蒙泣勣匯崑。泌屎中遊朔中譲嗤匯碕湊剩賜嫗和何険夕譲曾円融竃賜嫗和何譲嗤匯鞘谷夾叫鮒簡賜遊朔中譲嗤匯中碕縄吉吉。
    及膨訳耗嫗坪議光旦嫗岻寂議坪否勣嗤匯協議選狼軸念匯旦嫗才朔匯旦嫗哘嗤札屶嚇、札卆熔議購狼。泌谷夾叫壓音揖醐凋仇励旦匯耗議耗嫗喇及匯旦崛及励旦頁冢鯉梓孚煽雰定旗乏會電双議凪夕宛蛍艶葎婦表、小股表、恆吶、决芦、爺芦壇。
    及励訳耗嫗議方楚駅倬壓曾旦參貧根曾旦。
    辺鹿、屁尖耗嫗頁辺茄、屁尖、冩梢谷夾叫嫗議互雫竣粁圻咀頁万議辺鹿、授艶、屁尖佃業恷寄髪富匯旦脅音嬬撹耗万議勣箔恷冢鯉駅倬揖扮憲栽励訳炎彈嘉嬬撹葎耗嫗揖扮万議癖哘來匆恷膿軸耗嫗嶄議販採匯旦脅嬬撹葎匯倖鏡羨議瞳嶽。侭參辺鹿、授艶才屁尖耗嫗兵嶮鞭欺谷夾叫嫗辺茄社断議嶷篇。
    崙恬谷夾叫嫗議可創嗤謹富嶽訊殿豊匆佃參傍賠。壓谷夾叫嫗鴻刑送佩議定旗繁断匯違恷謹峪嬬心欺除噴嶽可創議嫗遇厘朕念厮辺鹿欺議嗤27嶽可創崙撹議谷夾叫嫗宸27嶽可創蛍艶頁横詮、什直、音倨菰、忍、仗、有、幢、管、迷管、啣本創、罷本創、匚高頚、尭候、鑓討、嗤字横詮、汰吉。厘辺鹿光嶽可創崙恬議谷夾叫嫗朕議壓噐阻盾才嫺燐輝扮崙恬谷夾叫嫗議返粁
才号庁阻盾畠忽音揖仇曝崙恬谷夾叫嫗議垢簒邦峠。
　　廨籾辺茄辛喇辺茄宀倖繁鳩協坪否。厘範葎廨籾辺茄辛蛍曾嶽匯嶽頁梓屎中夕宛皿蛍廨籾軸夕宛廨籾嫗。泌谷夾叫屍返、篇賀、忌課単、肇芦坿吉。総匯嶽頁梓嘘中猟忖皿蛍廨籾軸坪否廨籾嫗。泌光仇議"醐凋溜埀氏"射廷嫗光嘱曝賜光嫗屬嫗皆崙恬議谷夾叫嫗辛繍凪蛍艶祉悳壓匯軟侘撹匯倖廨籾。宸乂廨籾嫗貫音揖議迦中才叔業芝墮阻椎倖定旗議煽雰公辺茄社断奐紗阻辺茄議坪否公煽雰僥社断奐耶阻冩梢煽雰議恃屬。
    欺朕念葎峭厘音徽辺茄谷夾叫嫗珊辺茄嗤購谷夾叫嫗式＾猟晒寄醐凋‾扮豚議猟忖彿創認噫過廱亟阻購噐谷夾叫嫗岻冩梢議猟忖15嵐忖1997 定厘嚥臼奨議匯社窮辻巷望栽恬窟佩阻嶄忽及匯嫖谷夾叫嫗岻 CD-ROM。
    寔穫議豚棋光順涛嗔嚥厘栽恬訟一谷夾叫嫗婢誓、廬斑、田沢賜竃井夕慕、CD-ROM 吉。


選狼繁嶝錬冷
選狼仇峽爺薯偏掴蝕曝旭表廉祇易橘揃霜佶戦
窮三86-22-87891637
Email:[e-mail]
      [e-mail] 


聞喘自佛喨周蛤窟涙倬宥狛喨周捲暦匂岷器斤圭喨堀業蒸斤匯送
和墮利峽http://love2net.51.net/厚謹窒継議階吹罷周吉低栖和´´

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