Re: Pass by reference and copy on write

We can't just let our imagination go and build our own mental model of
this stuff.

The public contract of Java and Ruby says you only manipulate
references to objects, not the objects themselves. For example, the
JLS says in section 4.3.1:

    An object is a class instance or an array.
    The reference values (often just references) are pointers
    to these objects, and a special null reference, which
    refers to no object.
    ...
    There may be many references to the same object. Most
    objects have state, stored in the fields of objects
    that are instances of classes or in the variables that
    are the components of an array object. If two variables
    contain references to the same object, the state of the
    object can be modified using one variable's reference
    to the object, and then the altered state can be observed
    through the reference in the other variable.

So it is not that Java leaves room for us to interpret that a variable
"user" can hold a real User instance and that these opaque references
are implementation details. You can't store a real user instance in a
variable in Java. Period. The language only allows you to store
references (modulus primitive types etc.). The contract is clear, and
from it stuff follows.

Same for Ruby. The Ruby Specification says for instance:

    A variable is denoted by a name, and refers to an object,
    which is called the value of the variable. A variable
    itself is not an object. While a variable can refer to
    only one object at a time, an object can be referred to
    by more than one variable at a time.

So it belongs to their contract that we are not storing objects,
rather we store some opaque things that *refer* to them.

Having that in mind assignments are crystal clear. Given

    a =3D b =3D [] # (1)

the situation is that a and b hold a reference to the same array
object. We all agree with this. And it is imporatant because when we
are talking about initializing method parameters conceptually
something very similar to assignment is happening. The JLS says about
this for example:

    When the method or constructor is invoked (=C2=A715.12),
    the values of the actual argument expressions initialize
    newly created parameter variables, each of the declared
    Type, before execution of the body of the method or
    constructor.

That's pass-by-value. And what is copied if we are passing object
references, is object references. They are kinda opaque, but they
belong to the public contract nonetheless and there's no doubt that's
what you're passing around. And that is what let you clearly
understand the implications of (1). And whay let you square why
pass-by-value and being able to modify a mutable object are unrelated
things.

In Perl the difference is obvious because for example @a holds an
actual array. We do not have actual arrays in Ruby or Python. If we
have in Perl

    @a =3D (1);
    @b =3D @a;

pushing to @b does *not* affect @a. They are actual arrays, not
references to arrays, and assignment copies. You can create references
with the backslash, which are scalar values akin to C pointers. And
more interestingly for this thread, you can create aliases:

   @a =3D (1);
   *b =3D *a;

Now @a and @b are variables that hold the same actual array. They are alias=
es.

It's been a very long time since I did C++, but if I am not mistaken
it offers both semantics, pass-by-value (which may involve a copy
constructor), and pass-by-reference, which creates aliases as depicted
in my post.