Instance- and class-variables (was Re: mixing in class methods)

>> It sometimes makes me wonder why Ruby differentiates between instance
>> variables and class variables.  The latter seem exceptional, for a
>> number of reasons.
>
> [Ara:]
>
> ~/eg/ruby > cat classvar.rb
> class A
>   @@a = 42 # i am a class var, and can be inherited
>   @a = 42  # i belong to THIS instance of a class, class A
> end
>
> class B < A
>   printf "@@a = <%s>\n", (@@a or 'nil')
>   printf "@a = <%s>\n", (@a or 'nil')
> end
>
> ~/eg/ruby > ruby classvar.rb
> @@a = <42>
> @a = <nil>

Yeah, I know the theory (but thanks for summarising anyway), but I haven't
comfortably fit it in to my programming arsenal.  e.g. recently I had some
code like this.

  class Project
    @@implemented_methods = []

    def implement(_method)
      # some checking
      yield
      # some checking
      @@implemented_methods << _method
    end

    def Project.implemented_methods
      @@implemented_methods
    end
  end

So, what do I consider "exceptional"?  Some comments:

  1. Accessing a class variable is nowhere near as convenient as
     accessing an instance variable.

  2. "class methods" and "instance methods" are the same concept
     (since classes are objects), but there's nothing to unify
     "class variables" and "instance variables".  Observe that

     a) class variables (@@example) can be resolved whether "self"
        represents the class or the instance

     b) "class methods", unlike in Java (static methods), can't be
        directly accessed from the instance

  3. Although "class instance variables" are a logical entity,
     they do not appear to be a common programming idiom.

I initially tried to code my example like this:

  class Project
    class << Project
      attr_accessor :implemented_methods
    end

    def implement(_method)
      # some checking
      yield
      # some checking
      Project.implemented_methods << _method
    end
  end

Note in both examples, the idea is to be able to call

  Project.implemented_methods

after calling Project#implement a number of times.  However, the second
case (using a class instance variable instead of a class variable) did not
work.  I think the array always came back empty.  Now I may have done
something simple wrong, but I think I've demonstrated enough anyway. :) 
Well, I hope so.

Cheers,
Gavin