From: vmakarov@... Date: 2016-03-08T16:01:32+00:00 Subject: [ruby-core:74223] [Ruby trunk Feature#12142] Hash tables with open addressing Issue #12142 has been updated by Vladimir Makarov. Yura Sokolov wrote: > I think, if your intention were to reduce table size when elements counts decreased, then you have error here: > https://github.com/vnmakarov/ruby/blob/1ec2199374015033277e7ed82e1a469df73f5b09/st.c#L506-L508 > I am aware of it therefore I put `???` in comments. I still think about strategy in changing table sizes. My current variant is far from the final. Actually I wanted to publish this work in April but some circumstances forced me to do it earlier. I am glad that I did it earlier as I am having a great response and now have time to think about issues I was not aware. That is what happens when you publish your work. In GCC community practically all patches are publicly reviewed. I am used to it. Also I am going still to work on new table improvements which were never discussed here. > What if there were deleted elements in a middle? Then you should search for current element! > You workaround is still mistaken > https://github.com/vnmakarov/ruby/blob/1ec2199374015033277e7ed82e1a469df73f5b09/st.c#L968 > OK, thanks for pointing this out. The yesterday patch is buggy. I'll work on fixing it. > About 32bit - it is about cache locality and memory consumption. 32-bit is important for your implementation because it permits to decrease element size from 48B to 32B. For my implementation, the size of elements still will be the same 24B after switching to 32-bit. Although it permits to decrease overall memory allocated to tables by 20% by decreasing size of the array entries. I don't like lists (through pointer or indexes). This is a disperse data structure hurting locality and performance on modern CPUs for most frequently used access patterns. The lists were cool long ago when a gap between memory and CPU speed was small. GCC has analogous problem with RTL on which all back back-end optimizations are done. RTL was designed > 25 years ago and it is a list structure. It is a common opinion in GCC community that it hurts the compiler speed a lot. But GCC community can not change it (it tried several times) because it is everywhere even in target descriptions. One of my major motivation to start this hash table work was exactly in removing the lists. > Million men will pay for 64bit hash and indices, but only three men will ever use this ability. > One of this three men will be you showing: > "looks, my hash may store > 2^32 Int=>Int pairs (if you have at least 256GB memory)" I would not underestimate the power of such argument to draw more people to use Ruby. Especially when it seems that python has not 2^31 constraint and CPython can create about 2^30 size dictionary on 128GB machine for less than 4 min. That is unfortunate that MRI needs 7min for creation of dictionary of 10 times less. I believed it should be fixed although I have no idea how. > Second one will be a man that will check you, and he will say: > "Hey, Java cann't do it, but Ruby can! (if you have at least 256GB)" > And only third one will ever use it for something useful. > But every one will pay for. Although I am repeating myself, the memory size and price can be changed in the near future. In any case you did your point about hash and table sizes and now it will be discussed on a Ruby's committers meeting. ---------------------------------------- Feature #12142: Hash tables with open addressing https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12142#change-57358 * Author: Vladimir Makarov * Status: Open * Priority: Normal * Assignee: ---------------------------------------- ~~~ Hello, the following patch contains a new implementation of hash tables (major files st.c and include/ruby/st.h). Modern processors have several levels of cache. Usually,the CPU reads one or a few lines of the cache from memory (or another level of cache). So CPU is much faster at reading data stored close to each other. The current implementation of Ruby hash tables does not fit well to modern processor cache organization, which requires better data locality for faster program speed. The new hash table implementation achieves a better data locality mainly by o switching to open addressing hash tables for access by keys. Removing hash collision lists lets us avoid *pointer chasing*, a common problem that produces bad data locality. I see a tendency to move from chaining hash tables to open addressing hash tables due to their better fit to modern CPU memory organizations. CPython recently made such switch (https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/ff1938d12240/Objects/dictobject.c). PHP did this a bit earlier https://nikic.github.io/2014/12/22/PHPs-new-hashtable-implementation.html. GCC has widely-used such hash tables (https://gcc.gnu.org/svn/gcc/trunk/libiberty/hashtab.c) internally for more than 15 years. o removing doubly linked lists and putting the elements into an array for accessing to elements by their inclusion order. That also removes pointer chaising on the doubly linked lists used for traversing elements by their inclusion order. A more detailed description of the proposed implementation can be found in the top comment of the file st.c. The new implementation was benchmarked on 21 MRI hash table benchmarks for two most widely used targets x86-64 (Intel 4.2GHz i7-4790K) and ARM (Exynos 5410 - 1.6GHz Cortex-A15): make benchmark-each ITEM=bm_hash OPTS='-r 3 -v' COMPARE_RUBY='' Here the results for x86-64: hash_aref_dsym 1.094 hash_aref_dsym_long 1.383 hash_aref_fix 1.048 hash_aref_flo 1.860 hash_aref_miss 1.107 hash_aref_str 1.107 hash_aref_sym 1.191 hash_aref_sym_long 1.113 hash_flatten 1.258 hash_ident_flo 1.627 hash_ident_num 1.045 hash_ident_obj 1.143 hash_ident_str 1.127 hash_ident_sym 1.152 hash_keys 2.714 hash_shift 2.209 hash_shift_u16 1.442 hash_shift_u24 1.413 hash_shift_u32 1.396 hash_to_proc 2.831 hash_values 2.701 The average performance improvement is more 50%. ARM results are analogous -- no any benchmark performance degradation and about the same average improvement. The patch can be seen as https://github.com/vnmakarov/ruby/compare/trunk...hash_tables_with_open_addressing.patch or in a less convenient way as pull request changes https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1264/files This is my first patch for MRI and may be my proposal and implementation have pitfalls. But I am keen to learn and work on inclusion of this code into MRI. ~~~ ---Files-------------------------------- 0001-st.c-use-array-for-storing-st_table_entry.patch (46.7 KB) -- https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/ Unsubscribe: