From: vmakarov@... Date: 2016-03-05T17:50:06+00:00 Subject: [ruby-core:74164] [Ruby trunk Feature#12142] Hash tables with open addressing Issue #12142 has been updated by Vladimir Makarov. Yura Sokolov wrote: > > Quadratic probing is most probably not faster on modern super-scalar OOO CPUs > than the secondary hash function I use. Quadratic probing will traverse all > entries for sure if # of entries is a prime number. > > Looks like you didn't do your homework :-( > No, I did not. Sorry. My memory failed me. > https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadratic_probing > > > For m = 2^n, a good choice for the constants are c1 = c2 = 1/2, as the values of h(k,i) for i in [0,m-1] are all distinct. This leads to a probe sequence of h(k), h(k)+1, h(k)+3, h(k)+6, ... where the values increase by 1, 2, 3, ... > > So usually it is implemented as: > > ```` > pos = hash & mask; > d = 1; > while (not_found && not_empty) { > pos = (pos + d) & mask; > d++; > } > ```` I believe your code above is incorrect for tables of sizes of power of 2. The function should look like `h(k,i) = (h(k) + c1 * i + c2 * i^2) mod m`, where "c1 = c2 = 1/2 is a good choice". You can not simplify it. The same Wikipedia article contains ``` With the exception of the triangular number case for a power-of-two-sized hash table, there is no guarantee of finding an empty cell once the table gets more than half full, or even before the table gets half full if the table size is not *prime*. ``` I don't see the quadratic function for sizes of power of 2 is simpler than what I use. > It probes all elements of table of size 2^n and has good cache locality for first few probes. So if you store 32bit hash sum there, it will be very fast to check. The only idea I like in your proposal is a better code locality argument. Also as I wrote before your proposal means just throwing away the biggest part of hash value even if it is a 32-bit hash. I don't think ignoring the big part of the hash is a good idea as it probably worsens collision avoiding. Better code locality also means more collision probability. However only benchmarking can tell this for sure. But I have reasonable doubts that it will be better. Also about storing only part of the hash. Can it affect rubygems? It may be a part of API. But I don't know anything about it. In any case trying your proposal is a very low-priority task for me (high priority task is a small table representation). May be somebody else will try it. It is not a wise approach to try it all and then stop. I prefer improvements step by step. ---------------------------------------- Feature #12142: Hash tables with open addressing https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/12142#change-57308 * Author: Vladimir Makarov * Status: Open * Priority: Normal * Assignee: ---------------------------------------- ~~~ Hello, the following patch contains a new implementation of hash tables (major files st.c and include/ruby/st.h). Modern processors have several levels of cache. Usually,the CPU reads one or a few lines of the cache from memory (or another level of cache). So CPU is much faster at reading data stored close to each other. The current implementation of Ruby hash tables does not fit well to modern processor cache organization, which requires better data locality for faster program speed. The new hash table implementation achieves a better data locality mainly by o switching to open addressing hash tables for access by keys. Removing hash collision lists lets us avoid *pointer chasing*, a common problem that produces bad data locality. I see a tendency to move from chaining hash tables to open addressing hash tables due to their better fit to modern CPU memory organizations. CPython recently made such switch (https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/ff1938d12240/Objects/dictobject.c). PHP did this a bit earlier https://nikic.github.io/2014/12/22/PHPs-new-hashtable-implementation.html. GCC has widely-used such hash tables (https://gcc.gnu.org/svn/gcc/trunk/libiberty/hashtab.c) internally for more than 15 years. o removing doubly linked lists and putting the elements into an array for accessing to elements by their inclusion order. That also removes pointer chaising on the doubly linked lists used for traversing elements by their inclusion order. A more detailed description of the proposed implementation can be found in the top comment of the file st.c. The new implementation was benchmarked on 21 MRI hash table benchmarks for two most widely used targets x86-64 (Intel 4.2GHz i7-4790K) and ARM (Exynos 5410 - 1.6GHz Cortex-A15): make benchmark-each ITEM=bm_hash OPTS='-r 3 -v' COMPARE_RUBY='' Here the results for x86-64: hash_aref_dsym 1.094 hash_aref_dsym_long 1.383 hash_aref_fix 1.048 hash_aref_flo 1.860 hash_aref_miss 1.107 hash_aref_str 1.107 hash_aref_sym 1.191 hash_aref_sym_long 1.113 hash_flatten 1.258 hash_ident_flo 1.627 hash_ident_num 1.045 hash_ident_obj 1.143 hash_ident_str 1.127 hash_ident_sym 1.152 hash_keys 2.714 hash_shift 2.209 hash_shift_u16 1.442 hash_shift_u24 1.413 hash_shift_u32 1.396 hash_to_proc 2.831 hash_values 2.701 The average performance improvement is more 50%. ARM results are analogous -- no any benchmark performance degradation and about the same average improvement. The patch can be seen as https://github.com/vnmakarov/ruby/compare/trunk...hash_tables_with_open_addressing.patch or in a less convenient way as pull request changes https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/1264/files This is my first patch for MRI and may be my proposal and implementation have pitfalls. But I am keen to learn and work on inclusion of this code into MRI. ~~~ -- https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/ Unsubscribe: