[ruby-core:100409] [Ruby master Feature#16986] Anonymous Struct literal

Issue #16986 has been updated by Eregon (Benoit Daloze).


I think a new syntax for this is way too heavy for such a small thing.

```ruby
s = Struct.new(:a, :b).new(0, 0)
```
is easy enough and already works.

And refactoring that to make it efficient for many instances is just giving it a name, so all trade-offs are clear.

Also almost every time I use Struct.new, I want to define an extra method. That's not possible for the feature proposed here.

Something that magically creates the class does not seem nice, because it hides the cost of class creation (which is high, but doesn't matter if just used a couple times).

No matter the syntax, if we add a new way and we provide caching (members => StructClass), it should be a weak cache, so that if there are no instances of that particular combination of members anymore, and no method which can create it (e.g., if used in top-level code which can GC very quickly), we can GC such unnecessary classes.

Given that constraint I think `Struct(a: 0, b: 0)` is the nicer of the 3 in #57. But I think the existing `Struct.new(members).new` is enough.

----------------------------------------
Feature #16986: Anonymous Struct literal
https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16986#change-88023

* Author: ko1 (Koichi Sasada)
* Status: Open
* Priority: Normal
* Assignee: matz (Yukihiro Matsumoto)
----------------------------------------
# Abstract

How about introducing anonymous Struct literal such as `${a: 1, b: 2}`?
It is almost the same as `Struct.new(:a, :b).new(1, 2)`.

# Proposal

## Background

In many cases, people use hash objects to represent a set of values such as `person = {name: "ko1", country: 'Japan'}` and access its values through `person[:name]` and so on. It is not easy to write (three characters `[:]`!), and it easily introduces misspelling (`person[:nama]` doesn't raise an error).

If we make a `Struct` object by doing `Person = Struct.new(:name, :age)` and `person = Person.new('ko1', 'Japan')`, we can access its values through `person.name` naturally. However, it costs coding. And in some cases, we don't want to name the class (such as `Person`).

Using `OpenStruct` (`person = OpenStruct.new(name: "ko1", country: "Japan")`), we can access it through `person.name`, but we can extend the fields unintentionally, and the performance is not good.

Of course, we can define a class `Person` with attr_readers. But it takes several lines.

To summarize the needs:

* Easy to write
  * Doesn't require declaring the class
  * Accessible through `person.name` format
* Limited fields
* Better performance

## Idea

Introduce new literal syntax for an anonymous Struct such as: `${ a: 1, b: 2 }`.
Similar to Hash syntax (with labels), but with `$` prefix to distinguish.

Anonymous structs which have the same member in the same order share their class.

```ruby
    s1 = ${a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}
    s2 = ${a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}
    assert s1 == s2

    s3 = ${a: 1, c: 3, b: 2}
    s4 = ${d: 4}

    assert_equal false, s1 == s3
    assert_equal false, s1 == s4
```

## Note

Unlike Hash literal syntax, this proposal only allows `label: expr` notation. No `${**h}` syntax.
This is because if we allow to splat a Hash, it can be a vulnerability by splatting outer-input Hash.

Thanks to this spec, we can specify anonymous Struct classes at compile time.
We don't need to find or create Struct classes at runtime.

## Implementatation

https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/3259

# Discussion

## Notation

Matz said he thought about `{|a: 1, b: 2 |}` syntax.

## Performance

Surprisingly, Hash is fast and Struct is slow.

```ruby
Benchmark.driver do |r|
  r.prelude <<~PRELUDE
  st = Struct.new(:a, :b).new(1, 2)
  hs = {a: 1, b: 2}
  class C
    attr_reader :a, :b
    def initialize() = (@a = 1; @b = 2)
  end
  ob = C.new
  PRELUDE
  r.report "ob.a"
  r.report "hs[:a]"
  r.report "st.a"
end
__END__
Warming up --------------------------------------
                ob.a    38.100M i/s -     38.142M times in 1.001101s (26.25ns/i, 76clocks/i)
              hs[:a]    37.845M i/s -     38.037M times in 1.005051s (26.42ns/i, 76clocks/i)
                st.a    33.348M i/s -     33.612M times in 1.007904s (29.99ns/i, 87clocks/i)
Calculating -------------------------------------
                ob.a    87.917M i/s -    114.300M times in 1.300085s (11.37ns/i, 33clocks/i)
              hs[:a]    85.504M i/s -    113.536M times in 1.327850s (11.70ns/i, 33clocks/i)
                st.a    61.337M i/s -    100.045M times in 1.631064s (16.30ns/i, 47clocks/i)
Comparison:
                ob.a:  87917391.4 i/s
              hs[:a]:  85503703.6 i/s - 1.03x  slower
                st.a:  61337463.3 i/s - 1.43x  slower
```

I believe we can speed up `Struct` similarly to ivar accesses, so we can improve the performance.


BTW, OpenStruct (os.a) is slow.

```
Comparison:
              hs[:a]:  92835317.7 i/s
                ob.a:  85865849.5 i/s - 1.08x  slower
                st.a:  53480417.5 i/s - 1.74x  slower
                os.a:  12541267.7 i/s - 7.40x  slower
```


For memory consumption, `Struct` is more lightweight because we don't need to keep the key names.

## Naming

If we name an anonymous class, literals with the same members share the name.

```ruby
s1 = ${a:1}
s2 = ${a:2}
p [s1, s2] #=> [#<struct a=1>, #<struct a=2>]
A = s1.class
p [s1, s2] #=> [#<struct A a=1>, #<struct A a=2>]

```

Maybe that is not a good behavior.




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