Re: Passing by reference - modifying instance variables

John Cooper wrote in post #1060987:
> The instance variable title of song2 has been modified. This makes sense
> to me, since the variables are passed by reference

Just to be clear: in ruby there is *no* pass by reference. Never. It is 
all pass-by-value, but the value is an object reference.

This is important, because it is impossible to pass a reference to a 
local variable (as you can in some other languages) and have the local 
variable updated remotely. Local variables are not objects, and you 
cannot refer to them as if they were.

So when you do title.downcase! you are *not* changing the value of title 
(which still refers to the same object); you are mutating the object it 
refers to.

Simple example:

a = "foo"
b = a
puts b.object_id
b.upcase!
puts b.object_id
puts a  # FOO
puts b  # FOO

a and b contain the same value, which is the same string object "FOO". 
b.upcase! does not change the variable b, but it changes the string 
object.

> I guess I'd need to
> return a copy from my accessor method to avoid this happening. Is there
> a neat way to do this?

def title
  @title.dup
end

But this is not a common Ruby idiom, because it does not work in the 
general case, for example where dup is an array, or any more complex 
graph of objects. Such a "deep copy" is possible, but increasingly 
inefficient the more objects are included in the graph.

A slightly more common idiom is to freeze the object, if you don't want 
the caller messing with it. But normally you would trust the caller to 
behave.

> To add further confusion, the code in the attachment reference2.rb -
> with an identical definition of the class Song, with a call to
> .downcase! in WordIndex::index does not modify the instance variables in
> the Song class

phrase.scan(/whatever/) returns an array of new String objects with each 
of the matches.

>> a = "foo"
=> "foo"
>> b = a.scan(/.../)
=> ["foo"]
>> a.object_id
=> 2201532960
>> b.first.object_id
=> 2201525680

So a and b.first are two distinct Strings, although they both contain 
the characters "foo"

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