[ruby-core:105125] [Ruby master Feature#18145] Rescue by nested exception

Issue #18145 has been reported by svoop (Sven Schwyn).

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Feature #18145: Rescue by nested exception
https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18145

* Author: svoop (Sven Schwyn)
* Status: Open
* Priority: Normal
----------------------------------------
The introduction of `Exception#cause` helps a lot when debugging nested errors.

Same goes for wrapped errors. I'm not really sure whether such wrapped errors are an advisable pattern to begin with, feel free to comment on this, but I've used it in a couple of vendored gems dealing with payment providers.

Here's some simplified code to illustrate. The `Payment` class deals with all the gory things such as authorization, coercion or API quirks. A simplified version might look like this:


```ruby
require 'rest_client'

module Provider
  class FindError < StandardError; end

  class Payment
    attr_reader :id, :amount

    private_class_method :new

    def initialize(id, amount)
      @id, @amount = id, amount
    end

    def self.find(id)
      response = RestClient.get('https://api.provider.com/payments', params: { id: id })
      body = JSON.parse(response.body)
      new(id, body.fetch('amount'))
    rescue
      raise FindError
    end
  end
end
```

You can easily `rescue` from anything going wrong when loading a payment:

```ruby
begin
  Provider::Payment.find(123)
rescue FindError
  ...
end
```

However, you might want to rescue differently for some specific causes (e.g. not found) but not for others (e.g. timeout):

```ruby
begin
  Provider::Payment.find(123)
rescue FindError => error
  if error.cause.instance_of? RestClient::NotFound
    ...
  else
    ...
  end
end
```

How about allowing to rescue by nested exception with a syntax like?

```ruby
begin
  Provider::Payment.find(123)
rescue FindError & RestClient::NotFound
  ...
rescue FindError
  ...
end
```




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