From: "T. Onoma" Date: 2003-12-14T16:45:41+09:00 Subject: append_features(mod) -- mod.kind_of? makes absolutely no sense First of all, if class Class inherits class Module then why isn't append_features defined for Class? class Whatever append_features MyModule end # => undefined method `append_features' for Whatever:Class (NoMethodError) But even more nonsensical: class Module alias append_features_orig append_features def append_features(mod) p mod, mod.class append_features_orig(mod) end end module MyModule def wow puts "You have to be kidding!" end end class Test include MyModule end t = Test.new t.wow Produces: Test Class You have to be kidding! Its my understanding the include passes each Module to append_features, but that's not what append_features is saying. In fact, according to this append_features is appending Test to Test, even though it works fine. Please, tell me I'm over looking the obvious here. -- T.