From: "Bartosz DziewoƄski" Date: 2012-02-12T22:14:36+09:00 Subject: Re: the ruby syntax When a hash is the last argument to a method, you can skip its open- and close-braces. So this: IO.new("data.txt", mode: 'w:UTF-16LE', cr_newline: true) Is the same as this: IO.new("data.txt", {mode: 'w:UTF-16LE', cr_newline: true}) The first argument is the "data.txt" string, the second argument is the entire hash. The method then checks the type of second argument, and in this case - since it's a hash - it considers it to be the opt variable, with mode taking default value. -- Matma Rex