From: Dave Thomas Date: 2002-02-01T00:52:28+09:00 Subject: Re: strange behavior mengx@nielsenmedia.com writes: > "include" should have the same effect as "physically include", > i.e. as if the included module were copy and pasted into the calling > module( so that one does not have to type it all over again.) That's a cut-and-paste include. Ruby's is by reference, and is closer to multiple-inheritance than to #include. For example module A def fred puts "Hi" end end class C1 include A end c1 = C1.new c1.fred module A def bert puts "bye" end end c1.bert Dave