From: janus Date: 2008-09-30T19:49:06+09:00 Subject: Re: extend keyword in class definition David Am a little confused by your codes, from all I understood in these threads. module M def speak puts "Hi!" end end obj = Object.new obj.extend(M) obj.speak obj.speak should be Object.speak. Why is yours different? And your second code agreed with singleton idiom. Janus