From: "José Ignacio" Date: 2008-09-02T22:27:31+09:00 Subject: Re: Undo Object.extend > IIRC > o.extend m > is a shortcut for > class << o; include m end I think you're right, after reviewing what Why points out at http://whytheluckystiff.net/articles/seeingMetaclassesClearly.html . This makes me wonder again if there are any performance issues due to leaving empty modules in the object's metaclass ancestor chain, but that might depend on Ruby's implementation. -- Posted via http://www.ruby-forum.com/.