From: "Eric I." <rubytraining@...>
Date: 2007-06-18T04:30:24+09:00
Subject: Re: [SOLUTION] Verbal Arithmetic (#128)

This program solves addition problems with any number of terms.  It
finds and displays all solutions to the problem.

The solving process is broken up into a sequence of simple steps all
derived from class Step.  A Step can be something such as 1) choosing
an available digit for a given letter or 2) summing up a column and
seeing if the result matches an already-assigned letter.  As steps
succeed the process continues with the following steps.  But if a step
fails (i.e., there's a contradiction) then the system backs up to a
point where another choice can be made.  This is handled by recursing
through the sequence of steps.  In fact, even when a solution is
found, the program still backtracks to find other solutions.

The expectation is that by testing for contradictions as early as
possible in the process we'll tend to avoid dead ends and the result
will be much better than an exhaustive search.

For example, here are the steps for a sample equation:

   send
  +more
  -----
  money

1. Choose a digit for "d".
2. Choose a digit for "e".
3. Sum the column using letters "d", "e" (and include carry).
4. Set the digit for "y" based on last column summed.
5. Choose a digit for "n".
6. Choose a digit for "r".
7. Sum the column using letters "n", "r" (and include carry).
8. Verify that last column summed matches current digit for "e".
9. Choose a digit for "o".
10. Sum the column using letters "e", "o" (and include carry).
11. Verify that last column summed matches current digit for "n".
12. Choose a digit for "s".
13. Verify that "s" has not been assigned to zero.
14. Choose a digit for "m".
15. Verify that "m" has not been assigned to zero.
16. Sum the column using letters "s", "m" (and include carry).
17. Verify that last column summed matches current digit for "o".
18. Sum the column using letters  (and include carry).
19. Verify that last column summed matches current digit for "m".
20. Display a solution (provided carry is zero)!

Eric
----
Are you interested in on-site Ruby training that's been highly
reviewed by former students?  http://LearnRuby.com

====

# This is a solution to Ruby Quiz #128.  As input it takes a "word
# equation" such as "send+more=money" and determines all possible
# mappings of letters to digits that yield a correct result.
#
# The constraints are: 1) a given digit can only be mapped to a single
# letter, 2) the first digit in any term cannot be zero.
#
# The solving process is broken up into a sequence of simple steps all
# derived from class Step.  A Step can be something such as 1)
# choosing an available digit for a given letter or 2) summing up a
# column and seeing if the result matches an already-assigned letter.
# As steps succeed the process continues with the following steps.
# But if a step fails (i.e., there's a contradiction) then the system
# backs up to a point where another choice can be made.  This is
# handled by recursing through the sequence of steps.  In fact, even
# when a solution is found, the program still backtracks to find other
# solutions.


require 'set'


# State represents the stage of a partially solved word equation.  It
# keeps track of what digits letters map to, which digits have not yet
# been assigned to letters, and the results of the last summed column,
# including the resulting digit and any carry if there is one.
class State
  attr_accessor :sum, :carry
  attr_reader :letters

  def initialize()
    @available_digits = Set.new(0..9)
    @letters = Hash.new
    @sum, @carry = 0, 0
  end

  # Return digit for letter.
  def [](letter)
    @letters[letter]
  end

  # The the digit for a letter.
  def []=(letter, digit)
    # if the letter is currently assigned, return its digit to the
    # available set
    @available_digits.add @letters[letter] if @letters[letter]

    @letters[letter] = digit
    @available_digits.delete digit
  end

  # Clear the digit for a letter.
  def clear(letter)
    @available_digits.add @letters[letter]
    @letters[letter] = nil
  end

  # Return the available digits as an array copied from the set.
  def available_digits
    @available_digits.to_a
  end

  # Tests whether a given digit is still available.
  def available?(digit)
    @available_digits.member? digit
  end

  # Receives the total for a column and keeps track of it as the
  # summed-to digit and any carry.
  def column_total=(total)
    @sum = total % 10
    @carry = total / 10
  end
end


# Step is an "abstract" base level class from which all the "concrete"
# steps can be deriveds.  It simply handles the storage of the next
# step in the sequence.  Subclasses should provide 1) a to_s method to
# describe the step being performed and 2) a perform method to
# actually perform the step.
class Step
  attr_writer :next_step
end


# This step tries assigning each available digit to a given letter and
# continuing from there.
class ChooseStep < Step
  def initialize(letter)
    @letter = letter
  end

  def to_s
    "Choose a digit for \"#{@letter}\"."
  end

  def perform(state)
    state.available_digits.each do |v|
      state[@letter] = v
      @next_step.perform(state)
    end
    state.clear(@letter)
  end
end


# This step sums up the given letters and changes to state to reflect
# the sum.  Because we may have to backtrack, it stores the previous
# saved sum and carry for later restoration.
class SumColumnStep < Step
  def initialize(letters)
    @letters = letters
  end

  def to_s
    list = @letters.map { |l| "\"#{l}\"" }.join(', ')
    "Sum the column using letters #{list} (and include carry)."
  end

  def perform(state)
    # save sum and carry
    saved_sum, saved_carry = state.sum, state.carry

    state.column_total =
      state.carry +
      @letters.inject(0) { |sum, letter| sum + state[letter] }
    @next_step.perform(state)

    # restore sum and carry
    state.sum, state.carry = saved_sum, saved_carry
  end
end


# This step determines the digit for a letter given the last column
# summed.  If the digit is not available, then we cannot continue.
class AssignOnSumStep < Step
  def initialize(letter)
    @letter = letter
  end

  def to_s
    "Set the digit for \"#{@letter}\" based on last column summed."
  end

  def perform(state)
    if state.available? state.sum
      state[@letter] = state.sum
      @next_step.perform(state)
      state.clear(@letter)
    end
  end
end


# This step will occur after a column is summed, and the result must
# match a letter that's already been assigned.
class CheckOnSumStep < Step
  def initialize(letter)
    @letter = letter
  end

  def to_s
    "Verify that last column summed matches current " +
      "digit for \"#{@letter}\"."
  end

  def perform(state)
    @next_step.perform(state) if state[@letter] == state.sum
  end
end


# This step will occur after a letter is assigned to a digit if the
# letter is not allowed to be a zero, because one or more terms begins
# with that letter.
class CheckNotZeroStep < Step
  def initialize(letter)
    @letter = letter
  end

  def to_s
    "Verify that \"#{@letter}\" has not been assigned to zero."
  end

  def perform(state)
    @next_step.perform(state) unless state[@letter] == 0
  end
end


# This step represents finishing the equation.  The carry must be zero
# for the perform to have found an actual result, so check that and
# display a digit -> letter conversion table and dispaly the equation
# with the digits substituted in for the letters.
class FinishStep < Step
  def initialize(equation)
    @equation = equation
  end

  def to_s
    "Display a solution (provided carry is zero)!"
  end

  def perform(state)
    # we're supposedly done, so there can't be anything left in carry
    return unless state.carry == 0

    # display a letter to digit table on a single line
    table = state.letters.invert
    puts
    puts table.keys.sort.map { |k| "#{table[k]}=#{k}" }.join('    ')

    # display the equation with digits substituted for the letters
    equation = @equation.dup
    state.letters.each { |k, v| equation.gsub!(k, v.to_s) }
    puts
    puts equation
  end
end


# Do a basic test for the command-line arguments validity.
unless ARGV[0] =~ Regexp.new('^[a-z]+(\+[a-z]+)*=[a-z]+$')
  STDERR.puts "invalid argument"
  exit 1
end


# Split the command-line argument into terms and figure out how many
# columns we're dealing with.
terms = ARGV[0].split(/\+|=/)
column_count = terms.map { |e| e.size }.max


# Build the display of the equation a line at a time.  The line
# containing the final term of the sum has to have room for the plus
# sign.
display_columns = [column_count, terms[-2].size + 1].max
display  = []
terms[0..-3].each do |term|
  display << term.rjust(display_columns)
end
display << "+" + terms[-2].rjust(display_columns - 1)
display << "-" * display_columns
display << terms[-1].rjust(display_columns)
display = display.join("\n")
puts display


# AssignOnSumStep which letters cannot be zero since they're the first
# letter of a term.
nonzero_letters = Set.new
terms.each { |e| nonzero_letters.add(e[0, 1]) }


# A place to keep track of which letters have so-far been assigned.
chosen_letters = Set.new


# Build up the steps needed to solve the equation.
steps = []
column_count.times do |column|
  index = -column - 1
  letters = []                 # letters for this column to be added

  terms[0..-2].each do |term|  # for each term that's being added...
    letter = term[index, 1]
    next if letter.nil?        # skip term if no letter in column
    letters << letter          # note that this letter is part of sum

    # if the letter does not have a digit, create a ChooseStep
    unless chosen_letters.member? letter
      steps << ChooseStep.new(letter)
      chosen_letters.add(letter)
      steps << CheckNotZeroStep.new(letter) if
        nonzero_letters.member? letter
    end
  end

  # create a SumColumnStep for the column
  steps << SumColumnStep.new(letters)

  summed_letter = terms[-1][index, 1]  # the letter being summed to

  # check whether the summed to letter should already have a digit
  if chosen_letters.member? summed_letter
    # should already have a digit, check that summed digit matches it
    steps << CheckOnSumStep.new(summed_letter)
  else
    # doesn't already have digit, so create a AssignOnSumStep for
    # letter
    steps << AssignOnSumStep.new(summed_letter)
    chosen_letters.add(summed_letter)

    # check whether this letter cannot be zero and if so add a
    # CheckNotZeroStep
    steps << CheckNotZeroStep.new(summed_letter) if
      nonzero_letters.member? summed_letter
  end
end

# should be done, so add a FinishStep
steps << FinishStep.new(display)

# print out all the steps
# steps.each_with_index { |step, i| puts "#{i + 1}. #{step}" }

# let each step know about the one that follows it.
steps.each_with_index { |step, i| step.next_step = steps[i + 1] }

# start performing with the first step.
steps.first.perform(State.new)