From: gsm.beamon@... Date: 2006-10-19T07:50:08+09:00 Subject: Partial Resolution? > 2. It's in the super class ActionController::Base. No. Check the docs. > Read the gem source. There's no layout() in ActionController::Base. It's still true: Look at http://api.rubyonrails.com/ and click on the class. There's NO LAYOUT(). But this comment: > Read the gem source. There's no layout() in ActionController::Base. IS POSSIBLY WRONG. I made my original comments based on the 60 or so .rb files inside this directory: /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/actionpack-1.12.5/lib/action_controller but if I had looked at this file: /usr/local/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/gems/actionpack-1.12.5/lib/action_controller.rb I see something approximating a class definition ... but not exactly: ActionController::Base.class_eval do . . . include ActionController::Flash include ActionController::Filters include ActionController::Layout . . . end But there's still no: include ActionController::Layout::ClassMethods. The open nature of Ruby --- the ability to chage module or class interfaces in many, many files only makes my original question more important: HOW DO YOU KNOW, BOTTOM LINE, AFTER ALL THE VARIOUS FILES ARE CONSIDERED, WHAT A CLASS DOES? I still don't know how ApplicationController::Base can call layout(). I still can't understand why it's not in the doc as common sense demands.