From: MonkeeSage Date: 2006-09-21T00:00:14+09:00 Subject: Re: Ducktator - A Duck Type Validator By asking if object O respond_to? method M, we can impose certain conditions, and raise an error if those condition aren't met, rather than raising a runtime error in the middle of the program or getting wonky behavior. I.e., think of it as pre-emptive TDD. This isn't _necessary_ for duck-typing, but it certainly seems to be an extension of it. Do you want your object, O, to act like a file? Then you better make sure that it respond_to? read() and write()! Regards. Jordan