From: Trans Date: 2005-11-05T16:42:09+09:00 Subject: Re: what does "class << self" do? These are equiv. class Base def self.ameth # ... end end class Base class << self def ameth # ... end end end class Base; end class << Base def ameth # ... end end class Base; end def Base.ameth # ... end They are all our ways to get into the singletonclass/metaclass/ownclass/ eigenclass/whatever-you-want-to-call-it-class. For a class that's quite useful b/c its were class methods reside, essentially the object that *is* the class itself rather then its "instance level". If that seems confusing, don't worry, it is ;-) T.