From: "trans." Date: 2005-01-19T07:11:04+09:00 Subject: Re: value by reference I beleive it is by reference, the problem is you need to modify inplace. In this particular case you'll need an alternative to #+, b/c #+ is not an inplace operator. But will you use, I'm not sure. #succ seems to work inplace, but that's not to helpful. (I've a mind to RCR for a 'def succ(n=1)', but that doesn't help you now) It does seem like there should be clearer ways to deal with this. I know .net for instance has very clear distinctions.