From: Sean O'Dell Date: 2004-07-10T04:09:25+09:00 Subject: Re: Secure Database Systems On Friday 09 July 2004 11:32, Sarah Tanembaum wrote: > > Is the control should be in the database or the programming language such > as Java, Ruby, PHP, ASP, PERL, etc? I personally usually develop a layer above the database where business logic goes, and put user-level authentication there, and give the business logic layer full access to the database. It's simple to encrypt individual fields at the business logic layer. Sean O'Dell