[ruby-core:109999] [Ruby master Feature#16122] Data: simple immutable value object

Issue #16122 has been updated by zverok (Victor Shepelev).


@ufuk @nobu Makes sense, right.
I adjusted the PR and removed the unification into the `define_struct` method. They are pretty different now ([this part](https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/6353/files#diff-af52c7b2f2401c72137b502f634cbceb9d313a66897d630930c62f4f8bfb7faaR1708-R1724) probably can be extracted to a common one, but I am not really sure it is necessary)

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Feature #16122: Data: simple immutable value object
https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/16122#change-99250

* Author: zverok (Victor Shepelev)
* Status: Assigned
* Priority: Normal
* Assignee: zverok (Victor Shepelev)
----------------------------------------
**Value Object** is a useful concept, introduced by Martin Fowler ([his post](https://martinfowler.com/bliki/ValueObject.html), [Wikipedia Entry](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_object)) with the following properties (simplifying the idea):

* representing some relatively simple data;
* immutable;
* compared by type & value;
* nicely represented.

Value objects are super-useful especially for defining APIs, their input/return values. Recently, there were some movement towards using more immutability-friendly approach in Ruby programming, leading to creating several discussions/libraries with value objects. For example, [Tom Dalling's gem](https://github.com/tomdalling/value_semantics), [Good Ruby Value object convention](https://github.com/zverok/good-value-object) (disclaimer: the latter is maintained by yours truly).

I propose to introduce **native value objects** to Ruby as a core class.

**Why not a gem?**

* I believe that concept is that simple, that nobody *will even try* to use a gem for representing it with, unless the framework/library used already provides one.
* Potentially, a lot of standard library (and probably even core) APIs could benefit from the concept.

**Why `Struct` is not enough**

Core `Struct` class is "somewhat alike" value-object, and frequently used instead of one: it is compared by value and consists of simple attributes. On the other hand, `Struct` is:
* mutable;
* collection-alike (defines `to_a` and is `Enumerable`);
* dictionary-alike (has `[]` and `.values` methods).

The above traits somehow erodes the semantics, making code less clear, especially when duck-typing is used.

For example, this code snippet shows why `to_a` is problematic:

```ruby
Result = Struct.new(:success, :content)

# Now, imagine that other code assumes `data` could be either Result, or [Result, Result, Result]
# So, ...

data = Result.new(true, 'it is awesome')

Array(data) # => expected [Result(true, 'it is awesome')], got [true, 'it is awesome']

# or...
def foo(arg1, arg2 = nil)
p arg1, arg2
end

foo(*data) # => expected [Result(true, 'it is awesome'), nil], got [true, 'it is awesome']
```

Having `[]` and `each` defined on something that is thought as "just value" can also lead to subtle bugs, when some method checks "if the received argument is collection-alike", and value object's author doesn't thought of it as a collection.

**Concrete proposal**

* Class name: `Struct::Value`: lot of Rubyists are used to have `Struct` as a quick "something-like-value" drop-in, so alternative, more strict implementation, being part of `Struct` API, will be quite discoverable; *alternative: just `Value`*
* Class API is copying `Struct`s one (most of the time -- even reuses the implementation), with the following exceptions *(note: the immutability is **not** the only difference)*:
  * Not `Enumerable`;
  * Immutable;
  * Doesn't think of itself as "almost hash" (doesn't have `to_a`, `values` and `[]` methods);
  * Can have empty members list (fun fact: `Struct.new('Foo')` creating member-less `Struct::Foo`, is allowed, but `Struct.new()` is not) to allow usage patterns like:

```ruby
class MyService
  Success = Struct::Value.new(:results)
  NotFound = Struct::Value.new
end
```

`NotFound` here, unlike, say, `Object.new.freeze` (another pattern for creating "empty typed value object"), has nice inspect `#<value NotFound>`, and created consistently with the `Success`, making the code more readable. And if it will evolve to have some attributes, the code change would be easy.

**Patch is provided**

[Sample rendered RDoc documentation](https://zverok.github.io/ruby-rdoc/Struct-Value.html)

---Files--------------------------------
struct_value.patch (18.6 KB)


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