[ruby-core:109827] [Ruby master Bug#18435] Calling `protected` on ancestor method changes result of `instance_methods(false)`

Issue #18435 has been updated by nagachika (Tomoyuki Chikanaga).

Backport changed from 2.6: DONTNEED, 2.7: DONTNEED, 3.0: DONTNEED, 3.1: REQUIRED to 2.6: DONTNEED, 2.7: DONTNEED, 3.0: DONTNEED, 3.1: DONE

ruby_3_1 5473c1064d5e82d706b554f2fe5a5b41900f6b14 merged revision(s) 8212aab81a77a2a91fb7c1681b4968171193b48f,209631a45f9682dedf718f4b4a140efe7d21a6fc.

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Bug #18435: Calling `protected` on ancestor method changes result of `instance_methods(false)`
https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18435#change-99065

* Author: ufuk (Ufuk Kayserilioglu)
* Status: Closed
* Priority: Normal
* Assignee: Eregon (Benoit Daloze)
* ruby -v: ruby 2.7.5p203 (2021-11-24 revision f69aeb8314) [x86_64-darwin20]
* Backport: 2.6: DONTNEED, 2.7: DONTNEED, 3.0: DONTNEED, 3.1: DONE
----------------------------------------
As documented `instance_methods(false)` works as follows:

```ruby
module A
  def method1()  end
end

class B
  include A

  def method2()  end
end

p B.instance_methods(false) #=> [:method2]
```

However, calling `protected` on the method defined by `A`, unexpectedly changes the result of `instance_methods(false)` on `B`, even though the owner of the method is still `A`:
```ruby
module A
  def method1()  end
end

class B
  include A

  protected :method1

  def method2()  end
end

p B.instance_methods(false) #=> [:method1, :method2]
p B.instance_method(:method1).owner #=> A
```

In contrast, calling `private` or `public` on the same method does not cause any changes on the result of `B.instance_methods(false)`.

This feels like a bug in the implementation of `instance_methods(false)`, but, if it is by design, it should at least be documented on `Module#instance_methods`.

This reproduction script gives the same output all the way from Ruby 2.0 up to Ruby-HEAD:
https://wandbox.org/permlink/LqbXMBTYxURRZmDz



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