[ruby-core:107238] [Ruby master Bug#18487] Kernel#binding behaves differently depending on implementation language of items on the stack

Issue #18487 has been updated by jeremyevans0 (Jeremy Evans).


I submitted a pull request to make `Kernel#binding` only look up a single frame, which fixes the issue: https://github.com/ruby/ruby/pull/5476.  Not sure if all the semantics in the pull request are desired (i.e. `eval` and `receiver` raise `RuntimeError` for bindings for non-Ruby frames), so this is probably worth discussing at the next developer meeting.

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Bug #18487: Kernel#binding behaves differently depending on implementation language of items on the stack
https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/18487#change-96097

* Author: alanwu (Alan Wu)
* Status: Open
* Priority: Normal
* ruby -v: ruby 3.1.0p0 (2021-12-25 revision fb4df44d16)
* Backport: 2.6: UNKNOWN, 2.7: UNKNOWN, 3.0: UNKNOWN, 3.1: UNKNOWN
----------------------------------------
Recently I [discovered] that one could use `Kernel#binding` to capture the
environment of a frame that is not directly below the stack frame for
`Kernel#binding`. I've known that C extensions have this [privilege] for a
while, but didn't realize that it was also possible using only the core
library. This is a powerful primitive that allows for some funky programs:

```ruby
def lookup(hash, key)
  hash[key]
  hash
end

p lookup(
  Hash.new(&(
    Kernel.instance_method(:send).method(:bind_call).to_proc >>
      ->(binding) { binding.local_variable_set(:hash, :action_at_a_distance!) }
    )
  ),
  :binding
) # => :action_at_a_distance!
```

There might be ways to compose core library procs such that it's less contrived
and more useful, but I couldn't figure out a way to do it. Maybe there is a
way to make a "local variable set" proc that takes only a name-value pair and
no block?

### What's the big deal?

This behavior makes the implementation language of methods part of the API
surface for `Kernel#binding`. In other words, merely changing a Ruby method to
be a C method can be a breaking change for the purposes of `Kernel#binding`,
even if the method behaves the same in all other observable ways. I feel that
whether a method is native or not should be an implementation detail and should
not impact `Kernel#binding`.

This is a problem for Ruby implementations that want to implement many core
methods in Ruby, because they risk breaking compatibility with CRuby.
TruffleRuby has this [problem][privilege] as I alluded to earlier, and CRuby
risks making unintentional breaking changes as more methods change to become
Ruby methods in the core library.

### Leaking less details

I think a straight forward way to fix this issue is by making it so that
`Kernel#binding` only ever looks at the stack frame directly below it. If the
frame below is a not a Ruby frame, it can return an empty binding. I haven't
done the leg work of figuring out how hard this would be to implement in CRuby,
though. This new behavior allows observing the identity of native frames, which
is new. 

### Does the more restrictive behavior help YJIT?

Maybe. It's hard to tell without building out more optimizations that are
related to local variables. YJIT currently doesn't do much in that area. If I
had to guess I wouuld say the more restrictive semantics at least open up the
possibility of some deoptimization strategies that are more memory efficient. 

### What do you think?

This is not a huge issue, but it might be nice to start thinking about for the
next release. If a lot of people actually rely on the current behavior we can
provide a migration plan. Since it might take years to land, I would like to
solicit feedback now.


[discovered]: https://github.com/ruby/ruby/commit/54c91042ed61a869d4a66fc089b21f56d165265f
[privilege]: https://github.com/oracle/truffleruby/issues/2171




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